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Notes 10
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Introduction 13
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1. Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of John G. Roberts Jr. to be Chief 15
Justice of the United States, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (September 12– 15, 2005), 55. 16
2. Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Hon. Sonia Sotomayor to be 17
an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the US, 111th Cong., 1st Sess. (July 18
13– 16, 2009), 59, 66– 67, 70, 78– 79. 19
3. Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Samuel A. Alito Jr. to be an 20
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the US, 109th Cong., 2d Sess. (January 21
9– 13, 2006), 28– 30, 403– 5, 408– 10.
4. Confirmation Hearing of Sotomayor, 3, 24– 25, 56, 69, 77– 78. 22
5. Confirmation Hearing of Alito, 12, 26– 27, 38, 348– 50. 23
6. Confirmation Hearing of Sotomayor, 8, 26, 140– 42, 426– 27, 452– 54. 24
7. Republican appointees made up a majority of active federal judges with- 25
out interruption from January 2005 through August 2013. Indeed, with only a 26
brief interruption between 2001 and 2005— when the GOP portion of the federal 27
judiciary dipped to 49 percent— Republican appointees have held such a major- 28
ity since 1988. I collected the 2013 numbers from the Federal Judicial Center’s 29
Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, available at http://www.fjc.gov/his- 30
tory/home.nsf/page/judges.html. For the earlier numbers, see Goldman (1989); 31
Goldman et al. (2005, 270). 32
8. For two recent examples, see United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675, 2697–
98 (2013) (Scalia, J., dissenting), and Shelby County v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 2612, 2648 33
(2013) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). 34
9. In October 2009, President Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James 35
Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which extended existing federal hate crimes 36
laws to cover sexual orientation and gender identity. In December 2010, he signed 37
a bill repealing the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy, thereby allowing gays and lesbi- 38
ans to serve openly in the US military. In May 2012, he declared his support for 39

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